InnateDB Protein
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IDBP-376013.5
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Last Modified
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2014-10-13 [Report errors or provide feedback]
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Gene Symbol
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TREX1
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Protein Name
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three prime repair exonuclease 1
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Synonyms
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AGS1; CRV; DRN3; HERNS;
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Species
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Homo sapiens
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Ensembl Protein
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ENSP00000415972
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InnateDB Gene
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IDBG-239077 (TREX1)
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Protein Structure
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Function |
Major cellular 3'-to-5' DNA exonuclease which digests single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with mismatched 3' termini. Prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Acts by metabolizing DNA fragments from endogenous retroelements, including L1, LTR and SINE elements. Unless degraded, these DNA fragments accumulate in the cytosol and activate the IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) response and innate immune signaling. Prevents chronic ATM-dependent checkpoint activation, by processing ssDNA polynucleotide species arising from the processing of aberrant DNA replication intermediates. Inefficiently degrades oxidized DNA, such as that generated upon antimicrobial reactive oxygen production or upon absorption of UV light. During GZMA-mediated cell death, contributes to DNA damage in concert with NME1. NME1 nicks one strand of DNA and TREX1 removes bases from the free 3' end to enhance DNA damage and prevent DNA end reannealing and rapid repair. {ECO:0000269PubMed:10391904, ECO:0000269PubMed:10393201, ECO:0000269PubMed:16818237, ECO:0000269PubMed:17293595, ECO:0000269PubMed:18045533, ECO:0000269PubMed:23993650}.
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Subcellular Localization |
Nucleus. Cytoplasm, cytosol. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Note=Retained in the cytoplasm through the C-terminal region (By similarity). In response to DNA damage, translocates to the nucleus where it is specifically recruited to replication foci. Translocation to the nucleus also occurs during GZMA-mediated cell death. {ECO:0000250}.
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Disease Associations |
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 1 (AGS1) [MIM:225750]: A form of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by cerebral atrophy, leukoencephalopathy, intracranial calcifications, chronic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis, increased CSF alpha-interferon, and negative serologic investigations for common prenatal infection. Clinical features as thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and elevated hepatic transaminases along with intermittent fever may erroneously suggest an infective process. Severe neurological dysfunctions manifest in infancy as progressive microcephaly, spasticity, dystonic posturing and profound psychomotor retardation. Death often occurs in early childhood. {ECO:0000269PubMed:16845398, ECO:0000269PubMed:17357087, ECO:0000269PubMed:17846997, ECO:0000269PubMed:20131292, ECO:0000269PubMed:20799324}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [MIM:152700]: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow. {ECO:0000269PubMed:17660818, ECO:0000269PubMed:20131292}. Note=Disease susceptibility is associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Enhanced immune sensing of oxidized DNA may be involved in the phototoxicity experienced by SLE patients. Exposure to UV- light produces DNA oxidative damage. Oxidized DNA being a poor TREX1 substrate, it accumulates in skin, leading to enhanced auto- immune reactivity and eventually skin lesions (PubMed:23993650). {ECO:0000269PubMed:23993650}.Chilblain lupus 1 (CHBL1) [MIM:610448]: A rare cutaneous form of lupus erythematosus. Affected individuals present with painful bluish-red papular or nodular lesions of the skin in acral locations precipitated by cold and wet exposure at temperatures less than 10 degrees centigrade. {ECO:0000269PubMed:17357087, ECO:0000269PubMed:17440703}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Vasculopathy, retinal, with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) [MIM:192315]: A microvascular endotheliopathy resulting in central nervous system degeneration and retinopathy, with progressive loss of vision, stroke, motor impairment, and cognitive decline. The ocular manifestations are characterized by telangiectasias, microaneurysms and retinal capillary obliteration starting in the macula. Diseased cerebral white matter has prominent small infarcts that often coalesce to pseudotumors. {ECO:0000269PubMed:17660820}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
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Tissue Specificity |
Detected in thymus, spleen, liver, brain, heart, small intestine and colon. {ECO:0000269PubMed:10393201, ECO:0000269PubMed:11278605}.
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Comments |
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Number of Interactions
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This gene and/or its encoded proteins are associated with 7 experimentally validated interaction(s) in this database.
Experimentally validated |
Total |
7
[view]
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Protein-Protein |
7
[view]
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Protein-DNA |
0
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Protein-RNA |
0
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DNA-DNA |
0
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RNA-RNA |
0
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DNA-RNA |
0
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Molecular Function |
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Biological Process |
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Cellular Component |
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PDB ID |
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InterPro |
IPR006055
Exonuclease
IPR012337
Ribonuclease H-like domain
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PFAM |
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PRINTS |
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PIRSF |
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SMART |
SM00479
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TIGRFAMs |
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Modification |
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SwissProt |
Q9NSU2
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PhosphoSite |
PhosphoSite-Q9NSU2
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TrEMBL |
Q5TZT0
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UniProt Splice Variant |
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Entrez Gene |
11277
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UniGene |
Hs.743501
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RefSeq |
NP_009179
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HUGO |
HGNC:12269
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OMIM |
606609
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CCDS |
CCDS59451
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HPRD |
09423
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IMGT |
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EMBL |
AC104448
AF151105
AF319566
AF319567
AF319568
AF319569
AF483777
AJ243797
AK315196
AL137745
BC023630
BT020052
BT020053
CH471055
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GenPept |
AAD48774
AAH23630
AAK07613
AAK07614
AAK07615
AAK07616
AAL82504
AAV38855
AAV38856
BAG37636
CAB50866
EAW64883
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