InnateDB: Systems Biology of the Innate Immune Response

Homo sapiens Protein: GCG

Summary

InnateDB Protein

IDBP-387016.4

Last Modified

2014-10-13 [Report errors or provide feedback]

Gene Symbol

GCG

Protein Name

glucagon

Synonyms

GLP1; GLP2; GRPP;

Species

Homo sapiens

Ensembl Protein

ENSP00000387662

InnateDB Gene

IDBG-73681 (GCG)

Protein Structure

UniProt Annotation

Function

Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.GLP-1 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Play important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Have growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.Oxyntomodulin significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.Glicentin may modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.

Subcellular Localization

Secreted.

Disease Associations

Tissue Specificity

Glucagon is secreted in the A cells of the islets of Langerhans. GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin and glicentin are secreted from enteroendocrine cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are also secreted in selected neurons in the brain.

Comments

Interactions

Number of Interactions

This gene and/or its encoded proteins are associated with 10 experimentally validated interaction(s) in this database.

Experimentally validated
Total	10 [view]
Protein-Protein	10 [view]
Protein-DNA	0
Protein-RNA	0
DNA-DNA	0
RNA-RNA	0
DNA-RNA	0

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function

Accession	GO Term
GO:0005102	receptor binding
GO:0005179	hormone activity
GO:0005515	protein binding
GO:0031769	glucagon receptor binding
GO:0042802	identical protein binding

Biological Process

GO:0006112	energy reserve metabolic process
GO:0007165	signal transduction
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
GO:0007188	adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
GO:0007631	feeding behavior
GO:0008283	cell proliferation
GO:0010737	protein kinase A signaling
GO:0010800	positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation
GO:0030819	positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
GO:0032092	positive regulation of protein binding
GO:0033138	positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
GO:0035774	positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
GO:0042594	response to starvation
GO:0043066	negative regulation of apoptotic process
GO:0044267	cellular protein metabolic process
GO:0044281	small molecule metabolic process
GO:0045722	positive regulation of gluconeogenesis
GO:0045860	positive regulation of protein kinase activity
GO:0050796	regulation of insulin secretion
GO:0051571	positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation
GO:0070374	positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
GO:0071377	cellular response to glucagon stimulus
GO:0090280	positive regulation of calcium ion import
GO:1900118	negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
GO:2001243	negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Cellular Component

GO:0005576	extracellular region
GO:0005615	extracellular space
GO:0005737	cytoplasm
GO:0005788	endoplasmic reticulum lumen
GO:0005886	plasma membrane
GO:0034774	secretory granule lumen