Mus musculus Protein: S100a9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Summary | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InnateDB Protein | IDBP-401001.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Last Modified | 2014-10-13 [Report errors or provide feedback] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gene Symbol | S100a9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Protein Name | S100 calcium binding protein A9 (calgranulin B) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | 60B8Ag; AW546964; BEE22; Cagb; GAGB; L1Ag; MRP14; p14; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Species | Mus musculus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ensembl Protein | ENSMUSP00000112843 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InnateDB Gene | IDBG-168119 (S100a9) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Protein Structure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UniProt Annotation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Function | S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH- oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF- kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. {ECO:0000269PubMed:15331440, ECO:0000269PubMed:17767165, ECO:0000269PubMed:18403730, ECO:0000269PubMed:19402754, ECO:0000269PubMed:21382888, ECO:0000269PubMed:22804476}. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subcellular Localization | Secreted {ECO:0000250}. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell membrane {ECO:0000250}; Peripheral membrane protein {ECO:0000250}. Note=Predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Upon elevation of the intracellular calcium level, translocated from the cytoplasm to the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane. Upon neutrophil activation or endothelial adhesion of monocytes, is secreted via a microtubule-mediated, alternative pathway. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Disease Associations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tissue Specificity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Interactions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Number of Interactions |
This gene and/or its encoded proteins are associated with 7 experimentally validated interaction(s) in this database.
They are also associated with 74 interaction(s) predicted by orthology.
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Gene Ontology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molecular Function |
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Biological Process |
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Cellular Component |
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Protein Structure and Domains | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PDB ID | MGI:1338947 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
InterPro |
IPR002048
EF-hand domain IPR013787 S100/CaBP-9k-type, calcium binding, subdomain |
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PFAM |
PF00036
PF13202 PF13405 PF01023 |
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PRINTS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PIRSF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SMART |
SM00054
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TIGRFAMs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Post-translational Modifications | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cross-References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SwissProt | P31725 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PhosphoSite | PhosphoSite-P31725 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TrEMBL | Q3UP42 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UniProt Splice Variant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Entrez Gene | 20202 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UniGene | Mm.2128 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
RefSeq | NP_001268781 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGI ID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGI Symbol | S100a9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
OMIM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CCDS | CCDS17543 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HPRD | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IMGT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EMBL | AJ250496 AK143826 BC027635 CH466547 M83219 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenPept | AAB07228 AAH27635 BAE25555 CAC14292 EDL15109 EDL15110 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||