InnateDB: Systems Biology of the Innate Immune Response

Homo sapiens Protein: RET

Summary

InnateDB Protein

IDBP-71068.6

Last Modified

2014-10-13 [Report errors or provide feedback]

Gene Symbol

RET

Protein Name

ret proto-oncogene

Synonyms

CDHF12; CDHR16; HSCR1; MEN2A; MEN2B; MTC1; PTC; RET-ELE1; RET51;

Species

Homo sapiens

Ensembl Protein

ENSP00000344798

InnateDB Gene

IDBG-71064 (RET)

Protein Structure

UniProt Annotation

Function

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1. Regulates both cell death/survival balance and positional information. Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis; involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and promotes the formation of Peyer's patch-like structures, a major component of the gut- associated lymphoid tissue. Modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons and mediates cell migration in an integrin (e.g. ITGB1 and ITGB3)-dependent manner. Involved in the development of the neural crest. Active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage. Acts as a dependence receptor; in the presence of the ligand GDNF in somatotrophs (within pituitary), promotes survival and down regulates growth hormone (GH) production, but triggers apoptosis in absence of GDNF. Regulates nociceptor survival and size. Triggers the differentiation of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors. Mediator of several diseases such as neuroendocrine cancers; these diseases are characterized by aberrant integrins-regulated cell migration. {ECO:0000269PubMed:20064382, ECO:0000269PubMed:20616503, ECO:0000269PubMed:20702524, ECO:0000269PubMed:21357690, ECO:0000269PubMed:21454698}.

Subcellular Localization

Cell membrane {ECO:0000269PubMed:19823924}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000269PubMed:19823924}. Endosome membrane {ECO:0000269PubMed:19823924}; Single-pass type I membrane protein {ECO:0000269PubMed:19823924}.

Disease Associations

Colorectal cancer (CRC) [MIM:114500]: A complex disease characterized by malignant lesions arising from the inner wall of the large intestine (the colon) and the rectum. Genetic alterations are often associated with progression from premalignant lesion (adenoma) to invasive adenocarcinoma. Risk factors for cancer of the colon and rectum include colon polyps, long-standing ulcerative colitis, and genetic family history. Note=The disease may be caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Hirschsprung disease 1 (HSCR1) [MIM:142623]: A disorder of neural crest development characterized by absence of enteric ganglia along a variable length of the intestine. It is the most common cause of congenital intestinal obstruction. Early symptoms range from complete acute neonatal obstruction, characterized by vomiting, abdominal distention and failure to pass stool, to chronic constipation in the older child. {ECO:0000269PubMed:10090908, ECO:0000269PubMed:10484767, ECO:0000269PubMed:10618407, ECO:0000269PubMed:22174939, ECO:0000269PubMed:7581377, ECO:0000269PubMed:7633441, ECO:0000269PubMed:7704557, ECO:0000269PubMed:7881414, ECO:0000269PubMed:8114938, ECO:0000269PubMed:8114939, ECO:0000269PubMed:9043870, ECO:0000269PubMed:9090527, ECO:0000269PubMed:9094028, ECO:0000269PubMed:9259198, ECO:0000269PubMed:9384613, ECO:0000269Ref.56}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) [MIM:155240]: Rare tumor derived from the C cells of the thyroid. Three hereditary forms are known, that are transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion: (a) multiple neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), (b) multiple neoplasia type IIB (MEN2B) and (c) familial MTC (FMTC), which occurs in 25-30% of MTC cases and where MTC is the only clinical manifestation. {ECO:0000269PubMed:10323403, ECO:0000269PubMed:10826520, ECO:0000269PubMed:11692159, ECO:0000269PubMed:7784092, ECO:0000269PubMed:7845675, ECO:0000269PubMed:7849720, ECO:0000269PubMed:7874109, ECO:0000269PubMed:7881414, ECO:0000269PubMed:7915165, ECO:0000269PubMed:8103403, ECO:0000269PubMed:8557249, ECO:0000269PubMed:8625130, ECO:0000269PubMed:8807338, ECO:0000269PubMed:9223675, ECO:0000269PubMed:9259198, ECO:0000269PubMed:9398735, ECO:0000269PubMed:9452077, ECO:0000269PubMed:9506724, ECO:0000269PubMed:9621513, ECO:0000269PubMed:9677065}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Multiple neoplasia 2B (MEN2B) [MIM:162300]: Uncommon inherited cancer syndrome characterized by predisposition to MTC and phaeochromocytoma which is associated with marfanoid habitus, mucosal neuromas, skeletal and ophthalmic abnormalities, and ganglioneuromas of the intestine tract. Then the disease progresses rapidly with the development of metastatic MTC and a pheochromocytome in 50% of cases. {ECO:0000269PubMed:7906417, ECO:0000269PubMed:7906866, ECO:0000269PubMed:7911697, ECO:0000269PubMed:8595427, ECO:0000269PubMed:8807338, ECO:0000269PubMed:9294615, ECO:0000269PubMed:9360560}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Pheochromocytoma (PCC) [MIM:171300]: A catecholamine- producing tumor of chromaffin tissue of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, is hypertension, which may be persistent or intermittent. {ECO:0000269PubMed:12000816}. Note=Disease susceptibility is associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Multiple neoplasia 2A (MEN2A) [MIM:171400]: The most frequent form of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). It is an inherited cancer syndrome characterized by MTC, phaeochromocytoma and/or hyperparathyroidism. {ECO:0000269PubMed:10522989, ECO:0000269PubMed:7860065, ECO:0000269PubMed:7874109, ECO:0000269PubMed:7881414, ECO:0000269PubMed:8099202, ECO:0000269PubMed:8626834, ECO:0000269PubMed:8807338, ECO:0000269PubMed:9097963, ECO:0000269PubMed:9384613, ECO:0000269PubMed:9452064}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.Thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) [MIM:188550]: A common tumor of the thyroid that typically arises as an irregular, solid or cystic mass from otherwise normal thyroid tissue. Papillary carcinomas are malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. Note=The gene represented in this entry is involved in disease pathogenesis. Chromosomal aberrations involving RET have been found in thyroid papillary carcinomas. Inversion inv(10)(q11.2;q21) generates the RET/CCDC6 (PTC1) oncogene; inversion inv(10)(q11.2;q11.2) generates the RET/NCOA4 (PTC3) oncogene; translocation t(10;14)(q11;q32) with GOLGA5 generates the RET/GOLGA5 (PTC5) oncogene; translocation t(8;10)(p21.3;q11.2) with PCM1 generates the PCM1/RET fusion; translocation t(6;10)(p21.3;q11.2) with RFP generates the Delta RFP/RET oncogene; translocation t(1;10)(p13;q11) with TRIM33 generates the TRIM33/RET (PTC7) oncogene; translocation t(7;10)(q32;q11) with TRIM24/TIF1 generates the TRIM24/RET (PTC6) oncogene. The PTC5 oncogene has been found in 2 cases of PACT in children exposed to radioactive fallout after Chernobyl. A chromosomal aberration involving TRIM27/RFP is found in thyroid papillary carcinomas. Translocation t(6;10)(p21.3;q11.2) with RET. The translocation generates TRIM27/RET and delta TRIM27/RET oncogenes.Note=Mutations in RET have been detected in patients with renal agenesis suggesting a possible involvement of this gene in disease pathogenesis.Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) [MIM:209880]: Rare disorder characterized by abnormal control of respiration in the absence of neuromuscular or lung disease, or an identifiable brain stem lesion. A deficiency in autonomic control of respiration results in inadequate or negligible ventilatory and arousal responses to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. {ECO:0000269PubMed:12086152, ECO:0000269PubMed:14566559, ECO:0000269PubMed:9497256}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Tissue Specificity

Comments

Interactions

Number of Interactions

This gene and/or its encoded proteins are associated with 48 experimentally validated interaction(s) in this database.
They are also associated with 6 interaction(s) predicted by orthology.

Experimentally validated
Total	48 [view]
Protein-Protein	46 [view]
Protein-DNA	1 [view]
Protein-RNA	0
DNA-DNA	1 [view]
RNA-RNA	0
DNA-RNA	0

Predicted by orthology
Total	6 [view]

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function

Accession	GO Term
GO:0004672	protein kinase activity
GO:0004713	protein tyrosine kinase activity
GO:0004714	transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
GO:0004872	receptor activity
GO:0005509	calcium ion binding
GO:0005515	protein binding
GO:0005524	ATP binding
GO:0016772	transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

Biological Process

GO:0006468	protein phosphorylation
GO:0006919	activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
GO:0007156	homophilic cell adhesion
GO:0007158	neuron cell-cell adhesion
GO:0007165	signal transduction
GO:0007497	posterior midgut development
GO:0010976	positive regulation of neuron projection development
GO:0018108	peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
GO:0030155	regulation of cell adhesion
GO:0030335	positive regulation of cell migration
GO:0033619	membrane protein proteolysis
GO:0033630	positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin
GO:0045893	positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
GO:0048265	response to pain
GO:0061146	Peyer's patch morphogenesis
GO:0071300	cellular response to retinoic acid
GO:0072300	positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development
GO:0097021	lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs
GO:2001241	positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Cellular Component

GO:0005887	integral component of plasma membrane
GO:0010008	endosome membrane
GO:0016020	membrane
GO:0043235	receptor complex

Protein Structure and Domains

PDB ID

InterPro

IPR000719 Protein kinase domain
IPR001245 Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase catalytic domain
IPR002126 Cadherin
IPR002290 Serine/threonine/dual specificity protein kinase, catalytic domain
IPR011009 Protein kinase-like domain
IPR015919 Cadherin-like
IPR016249 Tyrosine-protein kinase, Ret receptor
IPR020635 Tyrosine-protein kinase, catalytic domain

PFAM

PF00069
PF07714
PF00028

PRINTS

PR00109
PR00205

PIRSF

PIRSF000631

SMART

SM00112
SM00220
SM00219

TIGRFAMs

Post-translational Modifications

Modification

Cross-References